Cardiopulmonary resucitation - CPR

[puja1408]

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a procedure to support and maintain breathing and circulation for a person who has stopped breathing (respiratory arrest) and/or whose heart has stopped (cardiac arrest).

CPR is a symptomatuc therapy aimed at sustaining vital organ function untill natural cardiac function can be restored. Cardiopulmonary arrest is sudden and unexpected.When respiration ceases,cardiac arrest soon follows,while circulation stand still as a primary event is concident with cessation of breathing.
CPR should be performed within 4-6 minutes before biological death of vital tissue develops.After cessation of breathing so as to prevent brain damage or death. It is a two-part procedure that involves rescue breathing and external chest compressions. To provide oxygen to a person's lungs, the rescuer administers mouth-to-mouth breaths, then helps circulate blood through the heart to vital organs by external chest compressions. Mouth-to-mouth breathing and external chest compression should be performed together, but if the rescuer is not strong enough to do both, the external chest compressions should be done.
CPR is designed to support and maintain breathing and circulation until emergency medical personnel arrive and take over. When performed by healthcare personnel, it is used in conjunction with other basic and advanced life support measures.

However, many CPR attempts are not ultimately successful in restoring a person to a good quality of life. Often, there is brain damage even if the heart starts beating again. CPR is therefore not generally recommended for the chronically or terminally ill or frail elderly.

Causes

CARDIAC ARREST

1) Ventricular fibrilation - ECG tracing shows wavy, irregular and chaotic activity.
2)Electromechanical dissociation - Regular electrical actiity with inadequate cardiac output,evidenced by absence of a palpable pulse.
3)Cardiac asystole- no electrical activity, ie ECG show a straight line.

RESPIRATORY ARREST

1)respiratory failure - can be due to airway obstruction and CNS depression.
2)Low cardiac output - as a result of blood loss.
3)Neuromuscular failure - Secondary to poliomyelitis,muscular distrophy or muscle relaxent
4)Hypoxia and vagal stimulation - associated with drowning, aspiration ect.
5)Stimulation of cardic by intracardiac catheter or electrode
6)Myocardial infarction
7)Overdose of anesthetic drugs, cardiac glycosides ect.
8)Hypothermia or Hyperthermia


Symptoms


1)symptoms and signs of hypoxia and heart failure- restlessness, anxiety,cyanosis,irregular pulse, pallor, tachypnea...ect
2)Late symptoms and signs - Absence of carotid and femoral pulse, absence of heart sounds, respiratory stand still or gasping...ect

Performing CPR

The rescuer opens a person's airway by placing the head face up, with the forehead tilted back and the chin lifted. The rescuer checks again for breathing (three to five seconds), then begins rescue breathing (mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration), pinching the nostrils shut while holding the chin in the other hand. The rescuer's mouth is placed against the unconscious person's mouth with the lips making a tight seal, then gently exhales for about one to one and a half seconds.

The rescuer breaks away for a moment and then repeats. The person's head is repositioned after each mouth-to-mouth breath.

After two breaths, the rescuer checks the unconscious person's pulse by moving the hand that was under the person's chin to the artery in the neck (carotid artery). If the unconscious person has a heartbeat, the rescuer continues rescue breathing until help arrives or the person
begins breathing without assistance. If the unconscious person is breathing, the rescuer turns the person onto his or her side.

If there is no heartbeat, the rescuer performs chest compressions. The rescuer kneels next to the unconscious person, placing the heel of one hand in the spot on the lower chest where the two halves of the rib cage come together. The rescuer puts one hand on top of the other on the person's chest and interlocks the fingers. The arms are straightened, the rescuer's shoulders are positioned directly above the hands on the unconscious person's chest.

The hands are pressed down, using only the palms, so that the person's breastbone sinks in about1.5–2 inches. The rescuer releases pressure without removing the hands, then repeats about 15 times per 10–15 second intervals.

The rescuer tilts the unconscious person's head and returns to rescue breathing for one or two quick breaths. Then breathing and chest compressions are alternated for one minute before checking for a pulse.

If the rescuer finds signs of a heartbeat and breathing, CPR is stopped. If the unconscious person is breathing but has no pulse, the chest compressions are continued. If the unconscious person has a pulse but is not breathing, rescue breathing is continued.
For children over the age of eight, the rescuer performs CPR exactly as for an adult.

PERFORMING CPR ON AN INFANT OR CHILD UNDER THE AGE OF EIGHT. The procedures outlined above are followed with these differences:

The rescuer administers CPR for one minute, then calls for help.

The rescuer makes a seal around the child's mouth or infant's nose and mouth to give gentle breaths. The rescuer delivers 20 rescue breaths per minute, taking 1.5–2 seconds for each breath.

Chest compressions are given with only one hand for a child and with two or three fingers for an infant. The breastbone is depressed only 1–1.5 in (2.5–3.8 cm) for a child and 0.5–1 in (1.3–2.5 cm) for an infant, and the rescuer gives at least 100 chest compressions per minute.

[ROMINA]

thankssssss for sharing...

[SteffBenoit]

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